Subject guides: Chicago 17th (B) Author-Date: Audiovisual and music scores

Audiovisual and music scores

Online streaming video (YouTube, Vimeo, Kanopy etc)

In-text citation

Format

(Director/Producer/Performer Surname Year)

Example

(Kuert 2001)

(O'Shea 2020)

Reference list

Format

Director/Producer/Performer Surname, First Name. Year. Title of Content: Subtitle. Name of hosting site. Format, duration. URL.

Example

Kuert, Beat, dir. 2001. Architects Herzog and de Meuron: Alchemy of Building. Dust and Scratches, Kanopy. Online video, 52:04. https://monash.kanopy.com/video/architects-herzog-and-demeuron-alchemy-building-tate-modern-2001.

O'Shea, Julian. 2020. Why Do Trucks Keep Smashing Into This Bridge? Montague St Bridge. YouTube. Online video, 7:48. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR7NivKqfzo.

Tips

When referencing audiovisual sources, you can list the director, the producer or the performer as the person primarily responsible for the content depending on which is the focus of the media or is most relevant to discussion.
Include any other relevant information about the content such as other contributors; the year and location of the production or performance; and any other other information to assist readers to locate the source.
For online video platforms and downloads, list the service or the file format, along with the duration and the URL.
The Chicago Manual of Style does not require access dates for online materials unless there is no publication date.

In the below example, a 35 mm film produced in 1903 has been viewed within a collection of similar items in MPEG format on the US Library of Congress website. The author, firstly, cites the historical artefact; and secondly, provides a reference to the website that hosts the media today. Note that the reference to the years 1898–1906 is part of the collection title.

In-text citation

Format

(Director/Producer/Performer Full Name Year of publication of original media)

Example

(Weed 1903)

Reference list

Format

Director/Producer/Performer Surname, First name, their role. Year of production of original media. Title of Content. Other relevant information, Media. Name of the organisation hosting the media. Title of Collection: Subtitle. Format, Duration. URL.

Example

Weed, A. E., dir. 1903. At the Foot of the Flatiron. American Mutoscope and Biograph Co., 35 mm film. From Library of Congress. The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898–1906. MPEG video, 2:19 at 15 fps. http://www.loc.gov/item/00694378.

Media (Blu-ray, DVD, Film etc)

In-text citation

Format

(Director/Producer/Performer Surname Year of release)

Example

(Hitchcock 1959)

(Cuarón 2013)

Reference list

Format

Director/Producer/Performer Surname, First Name, their role. Year of release. “Title of Scene.” Title of Production. Location: Publisher. Year of publication (if different to year of release), Medium.

Example

Hitchcock, Alfred, dir. 1959. “Crop Duster Attack.” North by Northwest. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video. 2000, DVD.

Cuarón, Alfonso, dir. 2014. Gravity. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Pictures. 2013, Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD.

Tips

When referencing audiovisual material accessed on Blu-ray, DVD, celluloid film or similar include a description of the media or format.
To reference an individual part or a specific passage in an audiovisual source—for example, a scene from a film—include the title or description enclosed within quotation marks.
Omit the year of publication if it is the same as the year of release.

Television (free-to-air, live stream, on-demand etc)

In-text citation

Format

(Producer/Director Surname Year aired)

Example

(Knight 2012)

(Murphy 2022)

Reference list

Format

Producer/Director Surname, First Name, their role. Year aired. Title of Production, season number, episode number, “Title of Episode." Additional credits. Aired/Accessed Month DD, YYYY, on Network/Service. URL (for online versions).

Example

Knight, Andrew, prod. 2012. Jack Irish, season 1, episode 1, “Bad Debts.” Directed by Jeffery Walker. Aired October 14, 2012, on ABC TV.

Murphy, Ryan, dir. 2022. American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson, season 1, episode 6, “Marcia, Marcia, Marcia.” Written by D. V. DeVincentis. Accessed June 10, 2022, on Prime Video. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01ARVPCOA/.

Tips

For recordings accessed online, if there is no date of production/broadcast/publication provided, you should include an access date prior to the URL.
If the episode does not have a title, refer to it by episode number.
You can also provide any relevant additional credits such as writers, performers etc.

Audio recordings (LP, CD, MP3, streaming etc)

In-text citation

Format

(Surname of Composer/Performer Year of release)

Example

(Mozart 1973)

(Pink Floyd 1970)

(Rihanna 2007)

Reference list

Format

Composer/Performer Surname, First Name. Year released. Title of Recording. Other relevant information. Location: Publisher. Catalogue Number, Year published (if different to year of release), Medium.

Composer/Performer Surname, First Name, their role. Year released. “Title of Part.” Other relevant information. Format or Name of the streaming service. Track number on Composer/Performer Full Name, Title of Recording, Year published (if different to year of release). Publisher.

Example

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1973. Don Giovanni. Orchestra and Chorus of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Sir Colin Davis. With Ingvar Wixell, Luigi Roni, Martina Arroyo, Stuart Burrows, Kiri Te Kanawa, et al. Recorded May 1973. Amsterdam: Philips 422 541-2, 1991, 3 compact discs.

Pink Floyd. 1970. Atom Heart Mother. Capitol CDP 7 46381 2, 1990, compact disc.

Rihanna [Robin Fenty], vocalist. 2007. “Umbrella.” Featuring Jay-Z. MP3 audio. Track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad. Island Def Jam.

Rihanna [Robin Fenty], vocalist. 2007. “Umbrella.” Featuring Jay-Z. Spotify. Track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad. Island Def Jam.

Tips

The composer, the producer or the performer may be listed as the person or group primarily responsible for a sound recording depending on which is the focus of the media or is most relevant to discussion.
Include any relevant additional information about the content such as other contributors, the year and location of the recording and any other references that could assist interested readers locate the source.
For online platforms and downloads, list the service or the file format, along with the duration of the recording.

Radio and Podcasts

In-text citation

Format

Radio

(Presenter Surname Year aired)

Podcast

(First Presenter Surname and Second Presenter Surname Year produced)

Example

(Malcolm 2012)

(Danfort and Chillag 2015)

Reference list

Format

Radio

Presenter Surname, First Name. Year aired. “Episode Title.” Episode number. Month DD, YYYY aired. In Production Title. Place produced and/or broadcasted: Broadcaster’s Name.

Podcast

First Presenter Surname, First Name and Second Presenter Full Name. Year produced. “Episode Title.” Month DD, YYYY produced. In Production Title. Produced by Producer Full Name. Podcast, file format. Duration. URL.

Examples

Radio

Malcolm, Lynne. 2012. “The Bilingual Brain.” Episode 18. October 21, 2012. In All in the Mind. Sydney: ABC Radio National.

Podcast

Danforth, Mike and Ian Chillag. 2015. “F-Bombs, Chicken, and Exclamation Points.” April 21, 2015. In How to Do Everything. Produced by Gillian Donovan. Podcast, MP3 audio, 18:46, http://www.npr.org/podcasts/510303/how-to-do-everything.

Music scores

In-text citation

Format

(Composer Surname Year, Pages)

Example

(Debussy 1922, 7)

Reference list

Format

Composer Surname, First Name. Year of publication. Title of Score. Location: Publisher.

Example

Debussy, Claude. 1922. Prélude á l’après-midi d’un faune. Paris: Jobert.

Tips

Published Music scores are referenced in the same way as published books.