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Chicago 18th (B) Author-Date

Audiovisual and music scores

Online videos (YouTube, Vimeo, etc)

In-text citation

Format

(Creator Surname Year)

Example

(Cowan 2022)

(McClammy 2021)

Reference list

Format

Creator Surname, First Name, their role (if relevant). Year. "Title of Content." Additional information/contributors/description. Platform, Duration. URL.

Example

Cowan, Vaitea. 2022. "How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era." TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April. Video, 9 min., 15 sec. https://www.ted.com/talks/vaitea_cowan_how_green_hydrogen_could_end_the_fossil_fuel_era.

McClammy, Wayne, dir. 2021. "Amazon’s Big Game Commercial: Alexa’s Body." Advertisement, featuring Michael B. Jordan, created by Lucky Generals. Posted February 2, by Amazon. YouTube, 1 min. https://youtu.be/xxNxqveseyI.

Tips

  • The 'creator' can be listed as the director, the producer, performer, writer, uploader etc as the person primarily responsible for the content depending on which is most relevant to your discussion.
  • Include any other relevant information about the content such as other contributors; the year and location of the performance/original event; and any other other information to assist readers to locate the source.
  • For online video platforms list the name of the platform, and for downloads list the file format.
  • Titles of videos hosted on online platforms are enclosed in quotation marks. Titles of programs or films are in italics.
  • The Chicago Manual of Style does not require access dates for online materials unless there is no publication date.

In the below example, a 35 mm film produced in 1903 has been viewed within a collection of similar items in MPEG format on the US Library of Congress website. The author, firstly, cites the historical artefact; and secondly, provides a reference to the website that hosts the media today. Note that the reference to the years 1898–1906 is part of the collection title.

In-text citation

Format

(Creator Full Name Year of production)

Example

(Weed 1903)

Reference list

Format

Creator Surname, First name, their role. Year of production. Title of Content. Other relevant information, Media. Name of the organisation hosting the media. Title of Collection: Subtitle. Format, Duration. URL.

Example

Weed, A. E., dir. 1903. At the Foot of the Flatiron. American Mutoscope and Biograph Co., 35 mm film. From Library of Congress. The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898–1906. MPEG video, 2:19 at 15 fps. http://www.loc.gov/item/00694378.

Movies (DVD, streaming etc)

In-text citation

Format

(Director Surname Year of release)

Example

(Cuarón 2013)

(Zhao 2020)

(Hitchcock 1959)

Reference list

Format

Director Surname, First Name, dir. Year of release. “Title of Scene.” (if relevant). Production Title. Publisher, Year of publication. Format/URL/Platform.

Example

Cuarón, Alfonso, dir. 2013. Gravity. Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014. Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD.

Zhao, Chloé, dir. 2020. Nomadland. Searchlight Pictures. https://www.hulu.com/movie/nomadland-dcd9cb83-0636-46ef-8cbd-b9d994672e83.

Hitchcock, Alfred, dir. 1959. “Crop Duster Attack.” North by Northwest. Warner Home Video, 2000. DVD.

Tips

  • Include the format for physical media such as DVDs. Include a URL for online media, or include the name of a platform where the video is only accessible through a Library login (e.g. Kanopy).
  • Do not repeat the year of publication if it is the same as the year of release.
  • To reference an individual part or a specific passage in an audiovisual source (for example, a scene from a film) include the title or description enclosed within quotation marks.

Television (free-to-air, DVD, streaming etc)

In-text citation

Format

(Producer/Director Surname Year aired)

Example

(Murphy 2022)

(Schlamme 2001)

Reference list

Format

Broadcast or streaming

Producer/Director Surname, First Name, their role. Year aired/accessed. Production Title. Season number, episode number, “Title of Episode." Additional credits. Aired/Accessed Month DD, on Network/Streaming Service. URL (if online).

Physical media

Producer/Director Surname, First Name, their role. Year aired/accessed. Production Title. Season number, episode number, “Title of Episode." Additional credits. Aired/Accessed Month DD. Publisher: Year of publication. Format.

Example

Broadcast or streaming

Murphy, Ryan, dir. 2016. American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson. Season 1, episode 6, “Marcia, Marcia, Marcia.” Written by D. V. DeVincentis, featuring Sterling K. Brown, Kenneth Choi, and Sarah Paulson. Aired March 8, on FX. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01ARVPCOA/.

Physical media

Schlamme, Thomas, dir. 2001. The West Wing. Season 2, episode 22, "Two Cathedrals." Aired May 17. Warner Bros. Television: 2002. DVD.

Tips

  • For recordings accessed online, if there is no date of production/broadcast/publication provided, you should include an access date instead.
  • Do not repeat the year of publication if it is the same as the year aired.
  • If the episode does not have a title, refer to it by episode number.
  • You can also provide any relevant additional credits such as writers, performers etc.

Audio recordings (LP, CD, MP3, streaming etc)

In-text citation

Format

(Surname of Composer/Performer Year of release)

Example

(Mozart 1973)

(Pink Floyd 1970)

(Rihanna 2007)

Reference list

Format

Composer/Performer Surname, First Name. Year released. Title of Recording. Other relevant information. Location: Publisher. Catalogue Number, Year published (if different to year of release), Medium.


OR


Composer/Performer Surname, First Name, their role. Year released. “Title of Part.” Other relevant information. Format or Name of the streaming service. Track number on Composer/Performer Full Name, Title of Recording, Year published (if different to year of release). Publisher.

Example

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1973. Don Giovanni. Orchestra and Chorus of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Sir Colin Davis. With Ingvar Wixell, Luigi Roni, Martina Arroyo, Stuart Burrows, Kiri Te Kanawa, et al. Recorded May 1973. Amsterdam: Philips 422 541-2, 1991, 3 compact discs.

Pink Floyd. 1970. Atom Heart Mother. Capitol CDP 7 46381 2, 1990, compact disc.

OR

Rihanna [Robin Fenty], vocalist. 2007. “Umbrella.” Featuring Jay-Z. MP3 audio. Track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad. Island Def Jam.

Rihanna [Robin Fenty], vocalist. 2007. “Umbrella.” Featuring Jay-Z. Spotify. Track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad. Island Def Jam.

Tips

  • The composer, the producer or the performer may be listed as the person or group primarily responsible for a sound recording depending on which is the focus of the media or is most relevant to discussion.
  • Include any relevant additional information about the content such as other contributors, the year and location of the recording and any other references that could assist interested readers locate the source.
  • For online platforms and downloads, list the service or the file format, along with the duration of the recording.

Radio and Podcasts

In-text citation

Format

Radio


(Presenter Surname Year aired)

Podcast


(First Presenter Surname and Second Presenter Surname Year produced)

Example

(Malcolm 2012)

(Danfort and Chillag 2015)

Reference list

Format

Radio


Presenter Surname, First Name. Year aired. “Episode Title.” Episode number. Month DD, YYYY aired. In Production Title. Place produced and/or broadcasted: Broadcaster’s Name.

Podcast


First Presenter Surname, First Name and Second Presenter Full Name. Year produced. “Episode Title.” Month DD, YYYY produced. In Production Title. Produced by Producer Full Name. Podcast, file format. Duration. URL.

Examples

Radio


Malcolm, Lynne. 2012. “The Bilingual Brain.” Episode 18. October 21, 2012. In All in the Mind. Sydney: ABC Radio National.

Podcast


Danforth, Mike and Ian Chillag. 2015. “F-Bombs, Chicken, and Exclamation Points.” April 21, 2015. In How to Do Everything. Produced by Gillian Donovan. Podcast, MP3 audio, 18:46, http://www.npr.org/podcasts/510303/how-to-do-everything.

Music scores

In-text citation

Format

(Composer Surname Year, Pages)

Example

(Debussy 1922, 7)

Reference list

Format

Composer Surname, First Name. Year of publication. Title of Score. Publisher.

Example

Debussy, Claude. 1922. Prélude á l’après-midi d’un faune. Jobert.

Tips

  • Published Music scores are referenced in the same way as published books.

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