When referencing audiovisual sources, you can list the director, the producer or the performer as the person primarily responsible for the content depending on which is the focus of the media or is most relevant to discussion. Include any other relevant information about the content such as other contributors; the year and location of the production or performance; and any other references that could assist interested readers locate the source. For online video platforms and downloads, list the service or the file format, along with the duration and the URL.
The Chicago Manual of Style does not require that access dates be included in references to formally published electronic and online sources. However, students may be required to include them for assessment tasks.
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Rule for Citation |
(Surname of the Person primarily responsible for the content Year of publication of original media) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Kuert 2001) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Surname, Given Name of the person the person primarily responsible for the content, their role. Year of publication of original media. Title of content: Subtitle of content. Name of the organisation hosting the media. Format, duration. URL. |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Kuert, Beat, dir. 2001. Architects Herzog and de Meuron: Alchemy of Building. Dust and Scratches, Kanopy. Online video, 52:04. https://monash.kanopy.com/video/architects-herzog-and-demeuron-alchemy-building-tate-modern-2001. |
In the below example, a 35 mm film produced in 1903 has been viewed within a collection of similar items in MPEG format on the US Library of Congress website. The author, firstly, cites the historical artefact; and secondly, provides a reference to the website that hosts the media today. Note that the reference to the years 1898–1906 is part of the collection title.
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Rule for Citation |
(Full Name of the person primarily responsible for the content Year of publication of original media) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Weed 1903) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Surname, Given name of the person primarily responsible for the content. Year of production of original media. Title of content. Other relevant information, Media. Name of the organisation hosting the media. Title of collection: Subtitle of collection. Format, Duration. URL.
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Example of Reference list entry |
Weed, A. E. 1903. At the Foot of the Flatiron. American Mutoscope and Biograph Co., 35 mm film. From Library of Congress. The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898–1906. MPEG video, 2:19 at 15 fps. http://www.loc.gov/item/00694378. |
When referencing audiovisual material accessed on Blu-ray, DVD, celluloid film or similar include a description of the media or format. To reference an individual part or a specific passage in an audiovisual source—for example, a scene from a film—include the a title or description enclosed within quotation marks.
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Rule for Citation |
(Surname of the Person primarily responsible for the content Year of publication) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Hitchcock [1959] 2000) (Cuarón 2013) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Surname, Given Name of the person primarily responsible for the content, their role. Year of publication. “Title of Scene.” Title of Production. Place of publication: Publisher’s Name, Medium. |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Hitchcock, Alfred, dir. (1959) 2000. “Crop Duster Attack.” North by Northwest. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video. DVD. Cuarón, Alfonso, dir. 2013. Gravity. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014. Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD. |
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Rule for Citation |
(Producer’s Surname Year screened) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Knight 2012) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Producer’s Surname, Producer’s Given Name. Year screened. “Title of Episode,” Title of Production, season number, episode number. Directed by Director’s Full Name. Place of publication: Publisher’s Name, Medium. |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Knight, Andrew. 2012 “Bad Debts.” Jack Irish, season 1, episode 1. Directed by Jeffery Walker. Sydney, NSW: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Television Broadcast. |
The composer, the producer or the performer may be listed as the person or group primarily responsible for a sound recording depending on which is the focus of the media or is most relevant to discussion. Include any relevant additional information about the content such as other contributors, the year and location of the recording and any other references that could assist interested readers locate the source. For online platforms and downloads, list the service or the file format, along with the duration of the recording.
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Rule for Citation |
(Surname of the person or Name of the group primarily responsible for the content Year of publication) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Mozart [1787] 1991) (Pink Floyd [1970] 1990) (Rihanna 2007) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Surname, Given Name of the person primarily responsible for the content. Year of publication. Title of Recording, Information including the names of additional contributors and the date and location of the production or performance. Place of publication: Publisher’s Name. Catalogue Number, Medium. or Surname, Given Name of the person primarily responsible for the content, their role. Year published. “Title of Part,” other relevant information, Format or Name of the streaming service. Track number on Artist's Full Name, Title of Recording, Publisher. |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1991 Don Giovanni. Orchestra and Chorus of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Sir Colin Davis. With Ingvar Wixell, Luigi Roni, Martina Arroyo, Stuart Burrows, Kiri Te Kanawa, et al. Recorded May 1973. Amsterdam: Philips 422 541-2, 1991, 3 compact discs. Pink Floyd. (1970) 1990. Atom Heart Mother. Capitol CDP 7 46381 2, compact disc. or Rihanna [Robin Fenty], vocalist. 2007. “Umbrella.” Featuring Jay-Z. MP3 audio. Track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad. Island Def Jam. Rihanna [Robin Fenty], vocalist. 2007. “Umbrella.” Featuring Jay-Z. Spotify. Track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad. Island Def Jam. |
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Rule for Citation |
(Presenter’s Surname Year aired) (First Presenter’s Surname and Second Presenter’s Surname Year produced) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Malcolm 2012) (Danfort and Chillag 2015) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Presenter’s Surname, Presenter’s Given Name. Year aired. “Episode Title.” Episode number. Date aired, including year. In Production Title. Place produced and/or broadcasted: Broadcaster’s Name. First Presenter’s Surname, First Presenter’s Given Name and Second Presenter’s Full Name. Year produced. “Episode Title.” Date produced, including year. In Production Title. Produced by Producer’s Full Name. Podcast, file format. Duration. URL. |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Malcolm, Lynne. 2012. “The Bilingual Brain.” Episode 18. October 21, 2012. In All in the Mind. Sydney: ABC Radio National. Danforth, Mike and Ian Chillag. 2015. “F-Bombs, Chicken, and Exclamation Points,” April 21, 2015, in How to Do Everything, produced by Gillian Donovan. Podcast, MP3 audio, 18:46, http://www.npr.org/podcasts/510303/how-to-do-everything. |
Published Music scores are referenced in the same way as published books.
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Rule for Citation |
(Composer's Surname, Year of publication, Page or Pages) |
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Example of Citation |
(Debussy 1922, 7) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Composer's Surname, Composer's Given Name, Year of publication. Title of Score. Place of publication: Publisher’s Name. |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Debussy, Claude. 1922. Prélude á l’après-midi d’un faune. Paris: Jobert. |