When referencing audiovisual sources, you can list the director, the producer or the performer as the person primarily responsible for the content depending on which is the focus of the media or is most relevant to discussion. Include any other relevant information about the content such as other contributors; the year and location of the production or performance; and any other other information to assist readers to locate the source. For online video platforms and downloads, list the service or the file format, along with the duration and the URL.
The Chicago Manual of Style does not require access dates for online materials unless there is no publication date. However, students may be required to include them for assessment tasks.
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Rule for Citation |
(Surname of the Director/Producer/Performer Year of publication) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Kuert 2001) (O'Shea 2020) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Surname, Given Name of Director/Producer/Performer, their role. Year of publication. Title of Content: Subtitle of Content. Name of hosting site. Format, duration. URL. |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Kuert, Beat, dir. 2001. Architects Herzog and de Meuron: Alchemy of Building. Dust and Scratches, Kanopy. Online video, 52:04. https://monash.kanopy.com/video/architects-herzog-and-demeuron-alchemy-building-tate-modern-2001. O'Shea, Julian. 2020. Why Do Trucks Keep Smashing Into This Bridge? Montague St Bridge. YouTube. Online video, 7:48. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR7NivKqfzo. |
In the below example, a 35 mm film produced in 1903 has been viewed within a collection of similar items in MPEG format on the US Library of Congress website. The author, firstly, cites the historical artefact; and secondly, provides a reference to the website that hosts the media today. Note that the reference to the years 1898–1906 is part of the collection title.
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Rule for Citation |
(Full Name of Director/Producer/Performer Year of publication of original media) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Weed 1903) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Surname, Given name of Director/Producer/Performer, their role. Year of production of original media. Title of Content. Other relevant information, Media. Name of the organisation hosting the media. Title of Collection: Subtitle of Collection. Format, Duration. URL.
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Example of Reference list entry |
Weed, A. E., dir. 1903. At the Foot of the Flatiron. American Mutoscope and Biograph Co., 35 mm film. From Library of Congress. The Life of a City: Early Films of New York, 1898–1906. MPEG video, 2:19 at 15 fps. http://www.loc.gov/item/00694378. |
When referencing audiovisual material accessed on Blu-ray, DVD, celluloid film or similar include a description of the media or format. To reference an individual part or a specific passage in an audiovisual source—for example, a scene from a film—include the title or description enclosed within quotation marks. Omit the year of publication if it is the same as the year of release.
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Rule for Citation |
(Surname of Director/Producer/Performer Year of release) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Hitchcock 1959) (Cuarón 2013) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Surname, Given Name of Director/Producer/Performer, their role. Year of release. “Title of Scene.” Title of Production. Place of publication: Publisher’s Name. Year of publication (if different to year of release), Medium. |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Hitchcock, Alfred, dir. 1959. “Crop Duster Attack.” North by Northwest. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video. 2000, DVD. Cuarón, Alfonso, dir. 2014. Gravity. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Pictures. 2013, Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD. |
For recordings accessed online, if there is no date of production/broadcast/publication provided, you should include an access date prior to the URL. If the episode does not have a title, refer to it by episode number. You can also provide any relevant additional credits such as writers, performers etc.
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Rule for Citation |
(Producer/Director Surname Year aired) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Knight 2012) (Murphy 2022) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Producer/Director Last Name, First Name, their role. Year aired. Title of Production, season number, episode number, “Title of Episode." Additional credits. Date aired or accessed on Network/Service. URL (for online versions). |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Knight, Andrew, prod. 2012. Jack Irish, season 1, episode 1, “Bad Debts.” Directed by Jeffery Walker. Aired October 14, 2012, on ABC TV. Murphy, Ryan, dir. 2022. American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson, season 1, episode 6, “Marcia, Marcia, Marcia.” Written by D. V. DeVincentis. Accessed June 10, 2022, on Prime Video. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01ARVPCOA/. |
The composer, the producer or the performer may be listed as the person or group primarily responsible for a sound recording depending on which is the focus of the media or is most relevant to discussion. Include any relevant additional information about the content such as other contributors, the year and location of the recording and any other references that could assist interested readers locate the source. For online platforms and downloads, list the service or the file format, along with the duration of the recording.
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Rule for Citation |
(Surname of Composer/Performer Year of release) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Mozart 1973) (Pink Floyd 1970) (Rihanna 2007) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Surname, Given Name of Composer/Performer. Year released. Title of Recording. Other relevant information. Place of publication: Publisher’s Name. Catalogue Number, Year published (if different to year of release), Medium. or Surname, Given Name of Composer/Performer, their role. Year released. “Title of Part.” Other relevant information. Format or Name of the streaming service. Track number on Artist's Full Name, Title of Recording, Year published (if different to year of release). Publisher. |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1973. Don Giovanni. Orchestra and Chorus of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Sir Colin Davis. With Ingvar Wixell, Luigi Roni, Martina Arroyo, Stuart Burrows, Kiri Te Kanawa, et al. Recorded May 1973. Amsterdam: Philips 422 541-2, 1991, 3 compact discs. Pink Floyd. 1970. Atom Heart Mother. Capitol CDP 7 46381 2, 1990, compact disc. or Rihanna [Robin Fenty], vocalist. 2007. “Umbrella.” Featuring Jay-Z. MP3 audio. Track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad. Island Def Jam. Rihanna [Robin Fenty], vocalist. 2007. “Umbrella.” Featuring Jay-Z. Spotify. Track 1 on Rihanna, Good Girl Gone Bad. Island Def Jam. |
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Rule for Citation |
(Presenter’s Surname Year aired) (First Presenter’s Surname and Second Presenter’s Surname Year produced) |
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Example of Citation entry |
(Malcolm 2012) (Danfort and Chillag 2015) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Presenter’s Surname, Presenter’s Given Name. Year aired. “Episode Title.” Episode number. Date aired, including year. In Production Title. Place produced and/or broadcasted: Broadcaster’s Name. First Presenter’s Surname, First Presenter’s Given Name and Second Presenter’s Full Name. Year produced. “Episode Title.” Date produced, including year. In Production Title. Produced by Producer’s Full Name. Podcast, file format. Duration. URL. |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Malcolm, Lynne. 2012. “The Bilingual Brain.” Episode 18. October 21, 2012. In All in the Mind. Sydney: ABC Radio National. Danforth, Mike and Ian Chillag. 2015. “F-Bombs, Chicken, and Exclamation Points.” April 21, 2015. In How to Do Everything. Produced by Gillian Donovan. Podcast, MP3 audio, 18:46, http://www.npr.org/podcasts/510303/how-to-do-everything. |
Published Music scores are referenced in the same way as published books.
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Rule for Citation |
(Composer's Surname, Year of publication, Page or Pages) |
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Example of Citation |
(Debussy 1922, 7) |
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Rule for Reference list |
Composer's Surname, Composer's Given Name. Year of publication. Title of Score. Place of publication: Publisher’s Name. |
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Example of Reference list entry |
Debussy, Claude. 1922. Prélude á l’après-midi d’un faune. Paris: Jobert. |