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Harvard

Havard citing and referencing style is an author-date style based on the Australian Government's Style Guide.

Other sources

In-text citation

One author

Format

(Author's surname Year)

Author's surname (Year)

Example

This was seen in an Australian study (Couch 2017)

Couch (2017) suggests that . . .

Tips

  • List the authors names in the same order as they appear in the article.
  • Go to Getting started > In-text citation to view other examples such as multiple authors.

Tables

Rule

Use tables for exact values and information that is too detailed for the text. Use a table only if there isn't a simpler way to present your content such as a list or a diagram.

Tables should include a caption title row and column headings, information (exact values)

Example

Concerts

Date Event Venue
12 Feb Waltz with Strauss Main Hall

In-text table section

Use Table 1, Table 2 etc to caption tables and refer to them in the text.

See the Style Manual section on tables.

Data sets

Reference list

Format

Author A or Name of Agency (Year) Title of data set [data set], Name of Website, accessed Day Month Year, URL

Example

National Native Title Tribunal (2014) Native Title determination outcomes [data set], accessed 4 January 2020, data.gov.au/data/dataset/native-title-determination-outcomes

Tips

  • If no date, use n.d.
  • If name of website is the same as author, do not include the name of the website.

Personal communication and confidential unpublished material

In-text citation

Format

A Author, personal communication, Day Month Year.

A Author, Type of Confidential Unpublished Material, Day Month Year.

Example

M Smith (personal communication, 8 February 2020) wrote . . .

The radiologist's findings were further confirmed (P Alan, radiology report, 6 March 2021) . . .

Tips

  • Don’t include an entry in the reference list.
  • Personal communication may include materials such as emails from unarchived sources, private memos or unrecorded interview conversations.
  • Confidential material may include medical charts, patient health records and other internal reports containing private information.
  • Permission from the source is necessary before paraphrasing or citing from a confidential document.

Non-English language sources

For a book in a foreign language

Format

Author A (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book transliterated if required (English translation), Name of Publisher, doi:number


OR


Author A (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book transliterated if required (English translation), Name of Publisher, URL


OR


Author A (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book transliterated if required (English translation), Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example

Roman alphabet - ebook

Marzel S (2024) Le vêtement dans les contes de Perrault (Clothing in Perrault's Tales), Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004688186

Non-Roman alphabet - physical book

Umesao T (1987) Nihon santo-ron: Tōkyō, Ōsaka, Kyōto (On three Japanese cities: Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto), Kadokawa Shoten, Tokyo.

For a newspaper article in a foreign language (online)

Format

Author A (Day Month Year) ‘Title of article: subtitle of article transliterated if required’ (‘English translation’), Name of Newspaper transliterated if required, accessed Day Month Year. (Database name)


OR


Author A (Day Month Year) ‘Title of article: subtitle of article transliterated if required’ (‘English translation’), Name of Newspaper transliterated if required, accessed Day Month Year, URL

Example

 

Roman alphabet newspaper article in a database

King A (27 November 2024) ‘La grève chez Postes Canada soulève l’enjeu de l’économie des petits boulots’ (‘Canada Post strike highlights labour struggle over gig economy’), La Conversation Canada, accessed 4 December 2024. (Factiva)

Non-Roman alphabet newspaper article from a website

Kurosawa T (6 November 2024) ‘AI ni Nōberu Shō no hamon: taishō hirogari yosō wa muzukashiku….kongo wa dō naru’ (‘Nobel Prize ripples on AI: it's difficult to predict how widespread it will be….what will happen in the future?’), Asahi Shimbun Digital, accessed 4 December 2024, https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASSC53W9BSC5USPT00LM.html?iref=pc_opinion_top

Tips

  • This section is for sources not published in English. It is not for works that have already been translated into English.
  • Check unit guidelines before using materials not written in English for assessment tasks.
  • Follow the source type format (e.g. book, news article, journal article etc.).
  • After the original title, insert the English translation in round brackets.
  • For non-Roman alphabet languages (such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Arabic), transliterate (convert) the title and other elements into Roman alphabet form.

Decorative images in a PowerPoint presentation or poster

Decorative images in a PowerPoint or poster don’t need a caption or figure number but copyright material must be attributed to the source. Include the full reference for the source of a decorative image in your reference list, including copyright information if required.

Webpage and website have different titles

Reference list
Format

Creator Name or Username (Year) Title or description of work [format], Webpage title, Name of Website, © Copyright holder, accessed Date Month Year, URL

Example

Senbergs J (1999) Melbourne [Drawing], Melbourne [art original] / J. Senbergs, State Library Victoria, © Jan Senbergs, accessed 19 February 2025, http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/300939

Webpage and website have the same title

Reference list
Format

Creator Name or Username (Year) Title or description of work [format], Name of Website, © Copyright holder, accessed Date Month Year, URL

Example

Runn G (2020) Koala Bear [Photograph], Unsplash, © Gary Runn, accessed 30 January 2025, https://unsplash.com/photos/koala-bear-on-brown-tree-6rW-AcbSnTA

Tips

  • To find out if an image is copyrighted material you need to find the original image. If you found the image on a website try a Google reverse image search and look for results from image libraries.
  • Creative Commons images are copyright free but often still require attribution depending on the particular Creative Commons licence used.
  • Clip Art and stock images from programs like Microsoft Powerpoint don’t need attribution because by purchasing the program you have obtained a licence to use the clip art and stock images that come with the program without attribution.
  • Some image libraries don’t require attribution to use their images but it is still a good idea, particularly if you have been asked to reference all images you use in your assignment.

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