Subject guides: Harvard: Other sources

Other sources

In-text citation

One author

Format

(Author's surname Year)

Author's surname (Year)

Example

This was seen in an Australian study (Couch 2017)

Couch (2017) suggests that . . .

Tips

List the authors names in the same order as they appear in the article.
Go to Getting started > In-text citation to view other examples such as multiple authors.

Tables

Rule

Use tables for exact values and information that is too detailed for the text. Use a table only if there isn't a simpler way to present your content such as a list or a diagram.

Tables should include a caption title row and column headings, information (exact values)

Example

Concerts

Date	Event	Venue
12 Feb	Waltz with Strauss	Main Hall

In-text table section

Use Table 1, Table 2 etc to caption tables and refer to them in the text.

See the Style Manual section on tables.

Data sets

Reference list

Format

Author A or Name of Agency (Year) Title of data set [data set], Name of Website, accessed DD Month YYYY. URL

Example

National Native Title Tribunal (2014) Native Title determination outcomes [data set], accessed 4 January 2020. data.gov.au/data/dataset/native-title-determination-outcomes

Tips

If no date, use n.d.
If name of website is the same as author, do not include the name of the website.

Personal communication and confidential unpublished material

In-text citation

Format

A Author, personal communication, Day Month Year.

A Author, Type of Confidential Unpublished Material, Day Month Year.

Example

M Smith (personal communication, 8 February 2020) wrote . . .

The radiologist's findings were further confirmed (P Alan, radiology report, 6 March 2021) . . .

Tips

Don’t include an entry in the reference list.
Personal communication may include materials such as emails from unarchived sources, private memos or unrecorded interview conversations.
Confidential material may include medical charts, patient health records and other internal reports containing private information.
Permission from the source is necessary before paraphrasing or citing from a confidential document.

Non-English language sources

For a book in a foreign language

Format

Author A (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book transliterated if required (English translation), Name of Publisher, doi:number

Author A (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book transliterated if required (English translation), Name of Publisher, URL

Author A (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book transliterated if required (English translation), Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example

Roman alphabet - ebook

Marzel S (2024) Le vêtement dans les contes de Perrault (Clothing in Perrault's Tales), Brill, doi:10.1163/9789004688186

Non-Roman alphabet - physical book

Umesao T (1987) Nihon santo-ron: Tōkyō, Ōsaka, Kyōto (On three Japanese cities: Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto), Kadokawa Shoten, Tokyo.

For a newspaper article in a foreign language (online)

Format

Author A (Day Month Year) ‘Title of article: subtitle of article transliterated if required’ (‘English translation’), Name of Newspaper transliterated if required, accessed Day Month Year, Database.

Example

Roman alphabet newspaper article in a database

King A (27 November 2024) ‘La grève chez Postes Canada soulève l’enjeu de l’économie des petits boulots’ (‘Canada Post strike highlights labour struggle over gig economy’), La Conversation Canada, accessed 4 December 2024, Factiva.

Non-Roman alphabet newspaper article from a website

Kurosawa T (6 November 2024) ‘AI ni Nōberu Shō no hamon: taishō hirogari yosō wa muzukashiku….kongo wa dō naru’ (‘Nobel Prize ripples on AI: it's difficult to predict how widespread it will be….what will happen in the future?’), Asahi Shimbun Digital, accessed 4 December 2024, https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASSC53W9BSC5USPT00LM.html?iref=pc_opinion_top

Tips

This section is for sources not published in English. It is not for works that have already been translated into English.
Check unit guidelines before using materials not written in English for assessment tasks.
Follow the source type format (e.g. book, news article, journal article etc.).
After the original title, insert the English translation in round brackets.
For non-Roman alphabet languages (such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Arabic), transliterate (convert) the title and other elements into Roman alphabet form.

Decorative images in a PowerPoint presentation or poster

Decorative images in a PowerPoint or poster don’t need a caption or figure number but copyright material must be attributed to the source. Include the full reference for the source of a decorative image in your reference list, including copyright information if required.

Webpage and website have different titles

Reference list

Format

Creator Name or Username (Year) Title or description of work [format], Webpage title, Name of Website, © Copyright holder, accessed Date Month Year. URL

Example

Senbergs J (1999) Melbourne [Drawing], Melbourne [art original] / J. Senbergs, State Library Victoria, © Jan Senbergs, accessed 19 February 2025. http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/300939

Webpage and website have the same title

Reference list

Format

Creator Name or Username (Year) Title or description of work [format], Name of Website, © Copyright holder, accessed Date Month Year. URL

Example

Runn G (2020) Koala Bear [Photograph], Unsplash, © Gary Runn, accessed 30 January 2025. https://unsplash.com/photos/koala-bear-on-brown-tree-6rW-AcbSnTA

Tips

To find out if an image is copyrighted material you need to find the original image. If you found the image on a website try a Google reverse image search and look for results from image libraries.
Creative Commons images are copyright free but often still require attribution depending on the particular Creative Commons licence used.
Clip Art and stock images from programs like Microsoft Powerpoint don’t need attribution because by purchasing the program you have obtained a licence to use the clip art and stock images that come with the program without attribution.
Some image libraries don’t require attribution to use their images but it is still a good idea, particularly if you have been asked to reference all images you use in your assignment.