Audiovisual
One author
Format
(Author's surname Year)
Author's surname (Year)
Example
This was seen in an Australian study (Couch 2017)
Couch (2017) suggests that . . .
Two authors
Format
(Author 1's surname and Author 2's surname Year)
Author 1's surname and Author 2's (Year)
Example
(Hooper and Arnall 2019)
Hooper and Arnall (2019) suggest . . .
Tips
- List the authors names in the same order as they appear in the article.
- 'Author' can be a director, producer, creator, etc. depending on the work.
- Go to Getting started > In-text citation to view other examples.
Images (including photographs, charts, graphs and diagrams) are cited by using captions to label the image and provide information about its source.
Example figure and caption
Figure 1: The pyramid of evidence. Source: Ho PM, Peterson PN and Masoudi FA (2008)
In-text captions
Format
For a figure created yourself, e.g. a graph of your own data, include a brief description.
Figure number: Brief explanation.
For a figure created using published data/information from another source.
Figure number: Brief explanation of the graph or table, data obtained from Author A or Name of Agency (Year) Title of data set [data set], Name of Website, accessed Day Month Year. URL
For a figure reproduced from a published source.
Figure number: Description of figure. From Author A or Organisation (Year)
Example
For a figure created yourself, e.g. a graph of your own data, include a brief description.
Figure 1: Changes in workplace productivity due to COVID-19.
For a figure created using published data/information from another source.
Figure 1: AUD/USD exchange rates from 1970 to 2000. Data obtained from RBA (Reserve Bank of Australia) (n.d.) Exchange rates: monthly: July 1969 to December 2009 [data set], accessed 4 December 2019. https://www.rba.gov.au/statistics/historical-data.html
Note: If using data from a PDF or spreadsheet, avoid linking directly to the document. Instead link to the webpage that hosts the document.
For a figure reproduced from a published source.
Figure 1: The pyramid of evidence. Source: Ho PM, Peterson PN and Masoudi FA (2008)
Note: Include the full reference for the publication in the reference list.
Tips
- The Style Manual contains more information about captions for images and figures, as well as legends for graphs.
- For artworks, see the Style Manual section on works of art.
Reference list
Format
Director D (director) OR Producer P (producer) (Year) Title of film: subtitle of film [type of film], Name of Studio or Publisher, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Director D (director) OR Producer P (producer) (Year) Title of film: subtitle of film [type of film], Name of Studio or Publisher
Example
Loach J (director) (2010) Oranges and Sunshine [television movie], Nine, accessed 23 February 2021. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/edutv.714039
Johnson R (director) (2019) Knives Out [motion picture], Netflix.
Tips
- For films viewed online, include an accessed date and a URL or name of streaming service.
Reference list
Format
Director D (director) OR Producer P (producer) (Year) 'Title of episode: subtitle of episode' [television program], Name of series (season number, episode number), Name of Station or Studio, Place of Production.
Director D (director) or Producer P (producer) (Year) Name of series (season number, episode number) [television program], Name of Station or Studio, Place of Production, Streaming service.
Example
Pellizzeri R (director) (1994) 'Luck of the draw' [television program], Blue heelers (season 1, episode 44), Seven Network, Melbourne.
Element Pictures (2020) Normal people (episode 1) [television series], BBC Three, Ireland, Stan.
Tips
- When including an episode title, [television program] follows the episode title.
- When there are no episode titles, [television name] follows the series title.
- If you viewed the tv program on a streaming service (e.g. Netflix, Kanopy), include the name of the streaming service at the end of the reference.
Reference list
Format
Creator C or Owner of Video (Day Month Year) 'Title of video: subtitle of video' [video], Name of Channel or Owning Organisation, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Example
If the author can be identified
Gorman A (21 January 2021) 'Using your voice is a political choice' [video], TED, accessed 29 January 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaZBgqfEa1E
If the channel is the author
libncsu (1 May 2014) 'Peer review in 3 minutes' [video], YouTube, accessed 3 June 2022. https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOCQZ7QnoN0
Reference list
Format
Presenter P (presenter) (Day Month Year) 'Title of episode: subtitle of episode' [radio program], Name of program, Name of Station or Studio, Place of Production
Example
McNamara I (presenter) (7 February 2021) Australia all over [radio program], ABC Radio, Sydney.
Tips
- The episode title and subtitle can be omitted if unknown.
Reference list
Format
Host H (host) and Producer P (producer) (Day Month Year) ‘Title of podcast: subtitle of podcast’ [podcast], Name of podcast, Name of Podcast Network, accessed Day Month Year. URL
Example
Hooper C (host) and Arnall K (producer) (3 November 2019) 'Goodbye secret garage shame' [podcast], The pineapple project, ABC, accessed 4 February 2020. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/the-pineapple-project/goodbye-secret-garage-shame/11493174
Reference list - short works
Format
Composer C (Year) 'Title of song: subtitle of song' [Medium], Title of compilation or album, Name of Publisher.
Example
Tones and I (2019) 'Dance monkey' [Song], The kids are coming, Sony Music Australia.
Reference list - long works
Format
Composer C (Year) Title of long work or compilation [Medium], Name of Publisher.
Example
Bach JS (2010) The Brandenburg concertos: concertos BWV 1043 & 1060 [Album recorded by Academy of St Martin in the Fields], Decca.