& |
Use an ampersand (&) between two authors or before the final author in your reference list, or within the parenthesis in an in-text citation. Do not use for author prominent citing in-text. |
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bar or bars |
bar or bars of music in a score. See Appendix A for musical notation. Note that American publications may use m or mm (measure or measures) instead of bar or bars. When paraphrasing or quoting you should convert 'm' or 'mm' to 'bar' or 'bars' unless otherwise instructed. |
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chor. |
choreographer
For the choreographer of a dance performance. For example:
Page (chor. 2009) demonstrated sophisticated fluidity of choreography.
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dir. |
director The performance by Max Gillies was energetic (Bell dir. 2011). |
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ed. or eds | editor or editors | ||
edn | edition This is used only for a second or later edition of a source, not for a first edition. Editions contain major revisions, but reprints do not, so do not include a reprint number. |
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... |
ellipsis.
Three dots is called an 'ellipsis'. An ellipsis is used to show that one or more words have been omitted. For example:
Kolbert (2011, p. 112) describes outcomes for a generalist reader; 'natural processes that could counter acidification… operate far too slowly to make a difference on a human time scale'.
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et al. |
This means 'and others'
This is used in in-text citations (including the first in-text citation) when there are four or more authors. However, all authors are listed in full in the reference list. NOTE: stop only after 'al.', not after 'et'. For example: Czinkota et al. (2008) address theoretical issues in the Asia Pacific market. |
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Jr | include titles such as Jr (Junior), Sr (Senior) or III (Third) in the reference list but not in in-text citations | ||
min. |
minute
NOTE: used for audiovisual sources. Use the counter in your player (e.g. windows media player, RealTime player) to indicate the start of the information. For example: Miller and Stapleton (2012, 1:33 mins) chose from among 'almost 400 pieces' to produce the program. |
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n.d. |
no date
This is uncommon, particularly for academic sources. For example: Complex structures and themes interweave through the concerto (van Beethoven n.d.). |
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n.p. |
no page numbers
For example:
Mathews' use of dialogue shifts to the lyrical: 'I would like to see the beginning of the rest of the world' (2010, n. p.). NOTE: Instructions for electronic sources without page numbers
If page numbers are not given use approximate page number (p. 3 of 9); or paragraph number for short text (para. 2); or the heading given in the source for the particular section. For example: The ABS (2004, p. 1 of 4) defines residents as 'economic entities (persons, organisations or enterprises) which have a closer association with the territory of Australia than with any other territory'. Or Flitton (2012, para. 1) reports 'Australia is about to confront the biting reality of US military decline'. |
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p. or pp. | single page (p.) or multiple pages (pp.) | ||
rev. |
revised
NOTE: 1. In the reference list the initial is before the surname (reverse the usual order). 2. rev. follows trans. (see below). For example: González Sánchez, CA 2011, New world literacy: writing and culture across the Atlantic, 1500-1700, trans. T Platt, rev. B Aram, Bucknell University Press, Lewisburg. |
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sec. |
second Stephen Fry stated that 'the people I know that swear the most tend to have the widest vocabularies' (gsmokeyjoe 2007, sec. 00:36). |
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(sic) |
so called
Use (sic) immediately after an error in the source (e.g. spelling or grammar error). For example: The United Nations (2010 cited in Shirazi 2012, p. 49) estimates that '7% of tenured university faculty position (sic) are held by women'. |
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[Square brackets] |
indicate a change or addition made for clarity. For example:
Schulhofer, Tyler and Huq (2011, p. 337) claim that polarisation rests on 'conspicuous racial disparities in [America's] prison populations'. |
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Sr |
*include titles such as Jr (Junior), Sr (Senior) or III (Third) in the reference list but not in in-text citations
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trans. |
translated
NOTE: In the reference list the initial is before the surname (reverse the usual order). For example: González Sánchez, CA 2011, New world literacy: writing and culture across the Atlantic, 1500-1700, trans. T Platt, rev. B Aram, Bucknell University Press, Lewisburg. |